SunnySide Up

Solar Energy:  Our huge Sun ( a middle-sized star) radiates energy into space surrounding it, and some of that energy strikes the surface of our small rotating planet, 149 million kilometres away.  Electromagnetic energy from the Sun peaks in the visible light frequencies (over 40% of solar energy we can see) and tails off both ends of the visible spectrum into ultra-violet (6 to 7%) and a broader range of near infra-red frequencies (52 to 53%). Basically, we perceive solar energy as light and heat. This energy warms our air and oceans, allows us to see, and is used by plants to create themselves from carbon dioxide and water. Light is a form of Energy.

    We can also use the Sun’s energy to produce electricity, another form of energy, through the use of photovoltaic cells, recently invented. [Photo = light; Voltaic = electric]. PV cells are made of two joined layers of purified silicon whose pure crystals have trace amounts of different impurities added to each layer. These cause electron-cloud instabilities in the otherwise orderly structures of the crystalline sheets. When photons of light energy strike the layers, a flow of electrons is created, which we can guide through wires. This electrical current is the same as electricity from batteries, and can be used to power many things. Solar cells do not store electricity; they allow light energy to become a direct electrical current. The motor converts electrical energy to mechanical motion.

Tools:  You may require something for making a hole (a nail, perhaps) when punching through the coroplast to mount the paper fastener, and perhaps to start holes in the wood for the screw eyes (though normally these screw right in).  Scissors will be required to cut the tubing into 4 spacers (3 - 4 mm each will do). Wire strippers or scissors may be used to strip the insulation off the ends of the wires.

Connecting Wires The first thing, of course, is to see that your solar panel and motor work. Strip 1.5 - 2 cm of the plastic insulation from both ends of two wires. A wirestripper, scissors, or small knife may be used. Twist the strands together, then insert one end of each wire into the holes in the metal tabs projecting from the back of the motor. Fold the wire over and twist it to form a tight connection. Attach a wire to each screw at the back of the solar panel, looping the bare wire around the screw, then tightening the nut. (Careful if you are using pliers...it is possible to tighten the nut too much and rip the screw from the back of the panel.)

Wires - strip insulation, then twist wire strands
together.
Attach a wire to each screw at the back of the solar panel.
 

Test in strong sunlight (or a 100 watt bulb, fairly close, will do). If the motor does not turn, check your wire connections. If you must use a lamp, the panel should be held quite close to a 100 watt bulb...but be careful not to overheat the panel! If the motor does not turn, check your wire connections. Note the direction the motor shaft turns. If you want the motor to spin in the opposite direction, reverse the wire connections at either the motor or the panel. Try this. (Electricity flows from negative to positive, and direct current flows only in one direction.)
 

Now that you have a solar-powered drive unit, what can you do with it? What will the motor run? How can you transfer the mechanical energy?

In-line wheels - Screw the screw eyes through the coroplast into the blocks of wood making sure that the axles will be parallel to each other. One of the tricks to a good solar car is to have smooth running gear. Cut four 3-mm sections of tubing as “in-line shaft retainers” and mount these on the axles. These keep the axles from sliding sideways, and therefore the wheels from knocking against the body. Mount the spacers loosely (not too tight against the screw eyes) so that the axles turn freely.

Sometimes a screw eye is hard to start into the wood. Use a sharp object to provide a starter hole.
 

Hard turning screw eyes? Try a dowel as a lever.

Cut vinyl tubing as "in-line shaft retainers".

The small red pulley is the driven pulley.

You may need to sand the dowel to slide the pulley on in a tight fit.

Mounting the Motor:  Put the small black motor pulley onto the motor shaft. Catch the elastic band around the driven pulley on the axle, and the motor pulley. Pull to a very easy tension. The elastic band must not be too tight; but not so loose that it turns without turning the driven pulley. Make sure of the position of the motor mount before taking the protective film off the sticky-back. You can also stretch the elastic band afterwards.

Mounting the Solar Panel:  Bend the metal strip attached to the back of the panel, and position it so that the bottom lip of the panel rests on the wood block. Use the paper fastener to attach the strip to the body. See illustration on front page.

Trouble-shooting:  Is the panel pointing towards the sun? Check to see that the elastic band is not too tight...it must be fairly loose. Check to see that all wire connections are tight. Check to see that both axles are free-wheeling...axle spacers should not be tight up against the screw eyes. Is there friction anywhere else?

Something Neat:  It will happen that a car will run into the shade and stop (no direct light, no electricity). Try reflecting light onto the solar panel with a mirror. Light is energy. What would happen if you had several mirrors reflecting light-energy to one spot?

SunWind   sunwind@web.net
http://www.sunwindsolar.com